A decree signed by Putin and posted in the official government database states that the embargo on produce, dairy, meat and most other foods will now stretch to December 31, 2018.
Moscow has warned it would only lift the ban introduced in 2014 if the US and the EU roll back the sanctions they imposed following Russia's annexation of Crimea and support for separatist insurgents in eastern Ukraine.
Russia's actions followed the EU's announcement Wednesday to extend the sanctions against Russia by six months over Russia's failure to honor a peace deal for eastern Ukraine.